Parenthetical+Citations

Parenthetical Citations
 * Required for all borrowed material, whether paraphrased, summarized, or quoted directly.
 * To provide parenthetical documentation, give the source, usually just the author's last name and the page number, within the parenthesis.
 * Example: During the Middle Ages, people thought of the labyrinth in art as something enjoyable, exemplifiying both God's creation and human artistry (Doob 144).
 * Note the period goes AFTER the parentheses, not before. If the quote or paraphrased material is at the beginning of the sentence, do not interrupt the sentence with the parenthetical citation. Place the citations at the end of the sentence.
 * There are various ways to introduce the author of the material. You may just use the parenthetical citation or you may lead in with the author.
 * Example: According to Bob Thomas, Miles Davis was addicted to drugs by the age of 14.
 * Beginning with the author removes the need for a parenthetical, unless there is a page number for the source.
 * Most online sources do not have page numbers, so the author's last name is the only requirement.

COMMON QUESTIONS:

1. What if my source has no author? If this is the case, use the article name (in quotes) in the citation. For example, ("Miles Davis: Lost in Music").

2. What if the quote is really long? In this research paper, block quotes will be discouraged. However, if you should quote more than four typed lines, indent the entire quote ten spaces and keep it double-spaced. The citation will follow the last line of the quotation and is placed outside the period, rather than before.

(Research Paper Procedure by Amy M. Kleppner)